CONTENTS

Planning Scientifically and Speeding up the Construction of World’s Scientific and Technological Power……………………………………i

Introduction …………………………………………………………… ii

Chapter 1 An Outlook on Science………………………………………1

1. 1 Prospect of Quantum Information Science…………………………14

1. 2 Development Prospects of Life Analytical Chemistry……………32

Chapter 2 Frontiers in Sciences ………………………………………35

2. 1 The Current State and Future of Cosmology ………………………42

2. 2 The Novel Electronic States in Quantum Materials:The Research Frontier of Topological Materials and Superconductors………………53

2. 3 The Research Status and Outlook of Perovskite Solar Cells………61

2. 4 Discovery on Fundamental Effects and Phenomena of Transformational Liquid Metal Machines ………………………………68

2.5 CO2 Conversion by Synthetic Biological Systems: from Natural to Unnatural………………………………………………………………74

2. 6 Adoptive T cell Transfer for Cancer Therapy……………………83

2. 7 Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron for Treatment of Groundwater and Wastewater ……………………………………………………………92

2. 8 Topology Brings New Features to Condensed Matter Physics

—Commentary on 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics………………………97

2. 9 Molecular Machines：The Smallest Machine will Promote the Big Progresses on Science and Technology………………………………103

2. 10 Autophagy and Aging—A Commentary on the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine………………………………………………109

Chapter 3 Representative Achievements of Chinese Scientific Research

in 2016 …………………………………………………………………111

3. 1The Discovery of the Most Luminous Superluminous Supernova 115

3. 2 Topological Electronic States in Iron-based High Temperature

Superconductor………………………………………………………119

3. 3 GaN-Based Laser Diode Grown on Silicon………………………124

3. 4  Atomic-Scale Assessment of Nuclear Quantum Effects of Water  ……………………………………………………………………128

3. 5 Experimental Discovery of Robust In-Plane Ferroelectricity in

Atomic-Thick SnTe……………………………………………………131

3. 6 Molecular Transport Through Nano-Capillaries Made with

Two-Dimensional Crystals……………………………………………134

3. 7 Synthesis of Designer Yeast Chromosomes………………………138

3. 8 Fischer-Tropsch to Olefins via Syngas with High Selectivity…141

3. 9  Partially Oxidized Atomic Cobalt Layers for Carbon Dioxide

Electroreduction to Liquid Fuel………………………………………144

3.10 Progress in Gas Separation —Molecular Control in Hybrid Porous Materials for Efficient Separation of Acetylene from Ethylene………148

3.11 New Mechanism about “Origin of Molecular Oxygen” …………150

3.12 Insight into Entry Mechanism of Ebola Virus……………………153

3.13 Pore-Forming Activity and Structural Autoinhibition of the

Gasdermin Family ……………………………………………………158

3.14 CaMKII Is a Novel RIP3 Substrate Mediating Ischemia- and

Oxidative Stress-Induced Myocardial Necroptosis……………………160

3. 15  Structural Basis for Activity Regulation of MLL Family

Methyl transferases ……………………………………………………166

3. 16 Generation and Application of Mouse-Rat Allodiploid Embryonic

Stem Cells……………………………………………………………168

3. 17  Follicular CXCR5-Expressing CD8 T+ Cells Curtail Chronic

 Viral Infection…………………………………………………………172

3. 18  Genomic Architecture of Heterosis for Yield Ttraits in Rice…174

3. 19  Atomic Structure of Respirasome………………………………179

3. 20  Tumor Exosomal RNAs Promote Lung Pre-Metastatic Niche

 Formation by Activating Alveolar Epithelial TLR3 to Recruit  Neutrophils……………………………………………………………182

3. 21 Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus Targeting the Radial Glial

Cells Affects Cortex Development of Offspring Mice……………… 186

3. 22 The Contribution of China’s Emissions to Global Climate Forcing…………………………………………………………………190

3. 23  Refuge During the Eocene-Oligocene Paleoenvironmental Change…………………………………………………………………193

3. 24  Ecosystem Service Pattern，Changes and Policy Application

in China ………………………………………………………………195

3. 25  The OMZ Marine and Oxygen Level 1400 Million Years Ago  ……………………………………………………………………199

3. 26  A Feathered Dinosaur Tail with Primitive Plumage Trapped in

Mid-Cretaceous Amber ………………………………………………202

Chapter 4 Observations on Development of Science and Technology 205

4. 1  Observations on Development of Basic Sciences and Frontiers ……………………………………………………………………220

4. 2  Development Scan of Public Health Science and Technology…233

4. 3  Observations on Development of Bioscience and Biotechnology  ……………………………………………………………………242

4. 4  Focus on Progresses in Agricultural Science and Technology…251

4. 5  Development Scan of Environment Science……………………263

4. 6  Observations on Development of Earth Science…………………273

4. 7  Development Scan of Oceanography ……………………………282

4. 8 Obervations on Development of Space Science…………………288

4. 9 Observations on Science and Development of Information

Technology …………………………………………………………300

4. 10 Observations on Science and Development of Energy Science

and Technology …………………………………………………… 312

4. 11  Progress in Advanced Materials and Manufacturing…………322

Chapter 5 A Brief of Science Development in China ………………323

5. 1  Accelerating Catching Up with and Leading the World and

 Embarking on a New Journey in Boosting Basic Research in China …………………………………………………………………330

5. 2  Projects Granted by National Natural Science Fund in 2016……336

5. 3  China’s Research Trends Analysis in Scientific Fronts

—Based on Science Map of Nature Index High-quality Research……354

Chapter 6 Suggestions on Science Development in China ……………355

6. 1  Problems and Countermeasures for China’s Science Education

   Standards ……………………………………………………………364

6. 2  Suggestions on the Development of China’s Artificial Intelligence

    Industry …………………………………………………………… 370

6. 3  Effect of Coal and Biomass Fuel Use in Rural China on Environment    and Human Health and Corresponding Countermeasures

    and Suggestions …………………………………………………… 373

6. 4  Suggestions on Limiting Use of Poisonous and Harmful Substance in Plastic Products……………………………………………………379

6. 5 Policy Suggestions on the Cultivation of innovative Science

   and Technology Talents in China……………………………………390

Appendix………………………………………………………………391

1.  2016’s Top 10 S&T Advances in China and World………………393

2. Overview of Xiangshan Science Conference Academinc Meetings in 2016………………………………………………………………… 403

3. List of Fora on Frontiers of Science & Technology by Academic

Divisions of CAS in 2016 ……………………………………………406